Estrogen is an important hormone that is required to maintain bone strength. During menopause, the ovaries stop producing estrogen. Over the next several years, bones become progressively weaker. A woman may lose up to ten percent of her total bone mass in the first five years after menopause. If this weakening of the bones continues unchecked, it may progress to osteoporosis and to fractures. Osteoporosis is diagnosed by using a specialized x-ray technique, DEXA, which measures the extent of bone loss that has occurred.

It is estimated that as many as half of all women over the age of 60 have at least one bone fracture due to osteoporosis. Sometimes, such fractures may cause prolonged periods of immobilization or require surgical treatment, both of which are associated with an increased risk of further health complications.

There are several ways a woman can act to reduce the bone loss that follows menopause. It is recommended that women take at least 1 gram of calcium every day, either in the form of calcium supplements, or increased servings of dairy products. Calcium is absorbed more efficiently in the presence of sufficient vitamin D; up to 30 minutes of exposure to sunlight each day can ensure that the skin will produce vitamin D.

Bones remain stronger for longer if the muscles attached to them are exercised regularly. Weight-bearing exercise, such as walking or dancing, is recommended at least several times a week. High-impact activities should be avoided.

There are several treatments, including hormone replacement therapy, which can be taken to limit bone loss. However, hormone replacement therapy may not suit everyone and has side effects. There is no residual protection against future bone loss once such therapy is discontinued. Several other treatments are currently being evaluated to treat menopausal symptoms and to slow down bone loss.